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Litloaelo tsa letsopa li bonahatsa moralo oa moruo oa sechaba oa litso tsa nako e fetileng, ha kabo ea sebaka sa letsopa e bonahatsa mekhoa ea puisano le mekhoa ea ho sebelisana.Lisebelisuoa le saense ea lefats'e li sebelisoa mona ho fumana hore na ho fumanoa joang, ho khethoa le ho sebetsa ha thepa e tala.The Kingdom of the Congo, machaba. e tumme ho tloha qetellong ea lekholo la leshome le metso e mehlano la lilemo, ke e 'ngoe ea linaha tse tummeng ka ho fetisisa tsa bokolone Afrika Bohareng.Le hoja lipatlisiso tse ngata tsa histori li itšetlehile ka litlaleho tsa molomo le tse ngotsoeng tsa Afrika le Europe, ho ntse ho e-na le likheo tse ngata kutloisisong ea rona ea hona joale ea sehlopha sena sa lipolotiki. .Mona re fana ka lintlha tse ncha mabapi le tlhahiso le ho tsamaisoa ha lipitsa tsa letsopa 'Musong oa Congo.Ho etsa mekhoa e mengata ea ho hlahloba lisampole tse khethiloeng, e leng XRD, TGA, petrographic analysis, XRF, VP-SEM-EDS le ICP-MS, re ile ra ikemisetsa litšobotsi tsa bona tsa petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical.Liphetho tsa rona li re lumella ho hokahanya lintho tsa khale le thepa ea tlhaho le ho theha meetlo ea ceramic.Re khethile li-template tsa tlhahiso, mekhoa ea phapanyetsano, mekhoa ea ho aba le ho sebelisana ha thepa ea boleng ka ho phatlalatsa tsebo ea theknoloji.Liphuputso tsa rona li bontša hore lipolotiking. centralization in the Lower Congo region of Central Africa e na le phello e tobileng tlhahisong ea lipitsa tsa letsopa le ho potoloha.Re tšepa hore boithuto ba rona bo tla fana ka motheo o motle bakeng sa lithuto tse ling tse bapisang ho lekanya sebaka sena.
Ho etsoa le ho sebelisoa ha lipitsa tsa letsopa e bile ntho e ka sehloohong litsong tse ngata, 'me maemo a eona a lipolotiki le sechaba a bile le tšusumetso e kholo mokhatlong oa tlhahiso le mokhoa oa ho etsa lintho tsena1,2.Ka har'a moralo ona, lipatlisiso tsa letsopa li ka ntlafatsa rona. kutloisiso ea lichaba tse fetileng3,4.Ka ho hlahloba lirafshoa tsa lintho tsa khale, re ka amahanya thepa ea tsona le meetlo e khethehileng ea ceramic le mekhoa e latelang ea tlhahiso1,4,5.Joalokaha Matson6 e bontšitse, e thehiloeng ho ecology ea ceramic, khetho ea thepa e tala e amana le ho fumaneha ha sebaka sa matlotlo a tlhaho.Ho feta moo, ha ho nahanoa ka lithuto tse fapa-fapaneng tsa li-ethnographic, Whitbread2 e bua ka monyetla oa 84% oa nts'etsopele ea lisebelisoa ka har'a sebaka sa 7km sa tšimoloho ea ceramic, ha ho bapisoa le monyetla oa 80% ka hare ho sebaka sa 3km Afrika7. Leha ho le joalo. , ke habohlokoa hore re se ke ra hlokomoloha ho itšetleha ha mekhatlo ea tlhahiso ka lintlha tsa theknoloji2,3.Likhetho tsa theknoloji li ka fuputsoa ka ho batlisisa likamano pakeng tsa thepa, mekhoa le tsebo ea theknoloji3,8,9.Letoto la likhetho tse joalo li ka hlalosa moetlo o itseng oa ceramic. .Nakong ena, ho kopanngoa ha thuto ea ho epolloa ha lintho tsa khale ho etsa lipatlisiso ho tlatselitse haholo kutloisisong e ntle ea lichaba tse fetileng3,10,11,12.Tšebeliso ea mekhoa e mengata ea ho hlahloba lintho tse ngata e ka rarolla lipotso tse mabapi le mehato eohle e amehang ts'ebetsong ea ketane, joalo ka mehloli ea tlhaho. ntshetsopele le kgetho ya thepa e tala, ho reka le ho sebetsa3,10,11,12.
Boithuto bona bo shebane le 'Muso oa Congo, e leng e' ngoe ea lipolotiki tse nang le tšusumetso e kholo ho nts'etsapele Afrika Bohareng.Pele ho fihla mmuso oa sejoale-joale, Afrika Bohareng e ne e e-na le mosai o rarahaneng oa lipolotiki le lipolotiki o khetholloang ke liphapang tse kholo tsa setso le lipolotiki, tse nang le meaho e fapaneng. ho tloha likarolong tse nyenyane le tse arohaneng tsa lipolotiki ho ea ho tse rarahaneng le tse tsepamisitsoeng haholo tsa lipolotiki. E ne e akaretsa sebaka se batlang se lekana le sebaka se lipakeng tsa Leoatle la Atlantic ka bophirima ho Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) le Noka ea Cuango ka bochabela, hammoho le sebaka se ka leboea ho Angola kajeno. Latitude ea Luanda.E ile ea phetha karolo ea bohlokoa sebakeng se pharaletseng nakong ea tsoelo-pele ea eona 'me ea ba le tsoelo-pele e lebisang ho rarahana ho hoholo le ho ba bohareng ho fihlela lekholong la 14, la 18, la 19, la 20, la bo21 la lilemo. Social stratification, a common currency, taxation systems. , kabo e khethehileng ea basebetsi, le khoebo ea makhoba18, 19 e bonahatsa mohlala oa Earle oa moruo oa lipolotiki22.Ho tloha ha o thehoa ho isa bofelong ba lekholo la bo17 la lilemo, ’Muso oa Congo o ile oa hōla haholo, ’me ho tloha ka 1483 ho ea pele o ile oa theha maqhama a matla le Europe, ’me ho sena. tsela e ile ea kenya letsoho khoebong ea Atlantic 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25 (ka ho qaqileng haholoanyane Sheba Tlatsetso 1) bakeng sa boitsebiso ba histori.
Mekhoa ea lisebelisoa le thuto ea mahlale e sebelisitsoe ho lintho tsa khale tsa letsopa tse tsoang libakeng tse tharo tsa baepolli ba lintho tsa khale 'Musong oa Congo, moo ho ileng ha epolloa lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng, e leng Mbanza Kongo e Angola le Kindoki le Ngongo Mbata naheng ea Democratic Republic of Congo (Fig. 1) (sheba Letlapa la Tlatsetso 1).2 boitsebisong ba baepolli ba lintho tsa khale).Mbanza Congo, e sa tsoa ngoloa Lethathamong la Bohlokoa ba Lefatše la UNESCO, e profinseng ea Mpemba ea puso ea boholo-holo.E lutse sehlabeng se bohareng mateanong a litsela tsa bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa tsa khoebo, e ne e le ea lipolotiki le ea lipolotiki. motse-moholo oa tsamaiso ea 'muso le setulo sa terone ea morena.Kindoki le Ngongo Mbata li liprofinseng tsa Nsundi le Mbata, ka ho latellana, e ka' nang ea e-ba karolo ea mebuso e supileng ea Kongo dia Nlaza pele 'muso o thehoa - o mong oa mebuso e kopaneng28,29.Bobeli ba bona ba ile ba phetha karolo ea bohlokoa historing eohle ea 'muso17. Libaka tsa khale tsa khale tsa Kindoki le Ngongo Mbata li Phuleng ea Inkisi karolong e ka leboea ea 'muso' me e ne e le se seng sa libaka tsa pele tse hapuoeng ke bo-ntate ba thehileng ba 'muso.Mbanza Nsundi, motse-moholo oa profinse le lithako tsa Jindoki, esale e busoa ke bahlahlami ba marena a morao a Congo 17, 18, 30. Profinse ea Mbata e fumaneha haholo 31 ka bochabela ho Noka ea Inkisi.Babusi ba Mbata ( le ho isa boholeng bo itseng Soyo) ba na le tlotla ea nalane ea ho ba bona feela ba khethiloeng ho tsoa ho bahlomphehi ba lehae ka tatellano, eseng liprofinse tse ling moo babusi ba khethoang ke lelapa la borena, ho bolelang hore ho na le chelete e ngata ea chelete 18,26. Leha e se profinse. motse-moholo oa Mbata, Ngongo Mbata o phethile karolo e bohareng bonyane lekholong la 17. Ka lebaka la boemo ba eona ba leano marang-rang a khoebo, Ngongo Mbata e kentse letsoho ntlafatsong ea profinse joalo ka 'maraka oa bohlokoa oa khoebo16,17,18,26,31 ,32.
'Muso oa Congo le liprofinse tsa eona tse kholo tse tšeletseng (Mpemba, Nsondi, Mbata, Soyo, Mbamba, Mpangu) lekholong la leshome le metso e tšeletseng le la leshome le metso e supileng la lilemo. 'mapa.
Ho fihlela lilemong tse leshome tse fetileng, tsebo ea baepolli ba lintho tsa khale ea 'Muso oa Congo e ne e lekanyelitsoe33.Litlhaloso tse ngata tsa histori ea' muso li thehiloe litloaelong tsa molomo tsa lehae le mehloli e ngotsoeng e tsoang Afrika le Europe16,17. Tatelano ea tatellano ea liketsahalo sebakeng sa Congo e arohane ebile ha ea phethahala. ho hlokehang ha liphuputso tse hlophisitsoeng tsa thuto ea khale34.Ho epolloa ha lintho tsa khale ho tloha 2011 ho ikemiseditse ho tlatsa likheo tsena le ho sibolla mehaho ea bohlokoa, likarolo le lintho tsa khale.Ho tse sibollotsoeng, ntle ho pelaelo potshards ke eona ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa29,30,31,32,35,36. mabapi le Mehla ea Tšepe Afrika Bohareng, merero ea baepolli ba lintho tsa khale e kang ea hona joale e fumaneha ka seoelo haholo37,38.
Re fana ka liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ea mineralogy, geochemical and petrological ea sete ea likhechana tsa letsopa tse tsoang libakeng tse tharo tse epiloeng tsa 'Muso oa Congo (sheba lintlha tsa baepolli ba lintho tsa khale ho Supplementary Material 2) . e le 'ngoe ho tloha Sebopeho sa Jindoji le tse tharo tse tsoang ho King Kong Formation 30, 31, 35. Sehlopha sa Kindoki se qalile nakong ea 'Muso oa Pele (14th ho ea bohareng ba lekholo la bo15 la lilemo).Ho libaka tse tšohloang thutong ena, Kindoki (n = 31) ) e ne e le sebaka se le seng feela se bontšitseng sehlopha sa Kindoki30,35. Mefuta e meraro ea Lihlopha tsa Kongo - Mofuta oa A, Mofuta oa C, le Mofuta oa D - oa morao-rao (16th-18th century) 'me o teng ka nako e le' ngoe libakeng tse tharo tsa baepolli ba lintho tsa khale tse nkiloeng mona30 , 31, 35.Kongo Type C lipitsa ke lipitsa tsa ho pheha tse ngata libakeng tsohle tse tharo35.Pane ea mofuta oa Kongo A e ka sebelisoa e le pitsa ea ho sebeletsa, e emeloang ke likotoana tse seng kae feela 30, 31, 35.Kongo D-mofuta li-ceramics li lokela ho sebelisoa feela bakeng sa tšebeliso ea malapeng - kaha ha li e-s'o fumanoe mabitleng ho fihlela joale - 'me li amahanngoa le sehlopha se khethehileng sa basebelisi30,31,35.Likaroloana tsa tsona li hlaha feela ka palo e nyenyane.Mofuta oa A le D lipitsa e bontšitse kabo ea libaka tse tšoanang libakeng tsa Kindoki le Ngongo Mbata30,31. Ngongo Mbata, ho fihlela joale, ho na le likaroloana tsa 37,013 tsa Kongo Type C, tseo ho tsona ho nang le likhechana tsa mofuta oa 193 oa Kongo A le likhechana tsa 168 tsa Mofuta oa Kongo D31.
Litšoantšo tsa lihlopha tsa mefuta e mene ea lijana tsa letsopa tsa Congo tse tšohliloeng thutong ena (Sehlopha sa Kindoki le Sehlopha sa Kongo: Mefuta ea A, C, le D);setšoantšo se hlakileng sa ponahalo ea bona ea tatellano ea liketsahalo sebakeng se seng le se seng sa baepolli ba lintho tsa khale Mbanza Kongo, Kindoki le Ngongo Mbata.
X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Petrographic Analysis, Variable Pressure Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (VP-SEM-EDS), X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) le Inductively Coupled Plasma Coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) e 'nile ea sebelisoa ho araba lipotso mabapi le mehloli e ka bang teng ea lihlahisoa tse tala le mekhoa ea tlhahiso.Sepheo sa rona ke ho khetholla meetlo ea ceramic le ho e hokahanya le mekhoa e itseng ea tlhahiso, kahoo ho fana ka pono e ncha mabapi le sebopeho sa sechaba sa motho. ea mekhatlo e tsebahalang haholo ea lipolotiki Afrika Bohareng.
Taba ea 'Muso oa Congo e thata haholo bakeng sa lithuto tsa mohloli ka lebaka la mefuta-futa le ho khetheha ha pontšo ea sebaka sa libaka (setšoan. 3). The Western Congo Supergroup.Tselang ea ho ea tlase ho ea holimo, tatelano e qala ka rhythmically alternating quartzite-claystone formations ka Sansikwa Formation, e lateloe ke Haut Shiloango Formation, e khetholloang ke boteng ba stromatolite carbonates, le Democratic Republic of Congo, silica Diatomaceous lisele tsa lefatše li ile tsa khetholloa haufi le tlase le holimo ho sehlopha.The Neoproterozoic Schisto-Calcaire Group ke carbonate-argillite assemblage with some Cu-Pb-Zn mineralization.Sebopeho sena sa geological se bontša mokhoa o sa tloaelehang ka diagenesis e fokolang ea letsopa la magnesia kapa phetoho e nyenyane ea dolomite e hlahisang talc. Sena se fella ka ho ba teng ha mehloli ea liminerale tsa calcium le talc. Sehlopha se koahetsoe ke Sehlopha sa Precambrian Schisto-Greseux se nang le libethe tse khubelu tsa lehlabathe-argillaceous.
'Mapa oa Geological oa sebaka sa boithuto e bua ka Democratic Republic of the Congo le Angola, 'me meeli e tšoailoe.Limmapa tsa Geological (shapefiles in Supplement 11) li entsoe ka software ea ArcGIS Pro 2.9.1 (websaeteng: https://www.arcgis.com/), ho buuoa ka Limmapa tsa Angolan41 le tsa Congo42,65 tsa Geological (lifaele tsa raster), ho sebelisoa Etsa maemo a fapaneng a ho ngola.
Ka holim'a sedimentary discontinuity, lihlopha tsa Cretaceous li na le mafika a continental sedimentary a kang sandstone le claystone.Haufi le moo, sebopeho sena sa geological se tsejoa e le mohloli oa bobeli oa depositional oa litaemane ka mor'a khoholeho ea mobu ke Early Cretaceous kimberlite tubes41,42.No ho feta igneous le high-grade metamorphic metamorphic ho tlalehiloe mafika sebakeng sena.
Sebaka se potolohileng Mbanza Kongo se khetholloa ke ho ba teng ha li-deposit tsa khale le tsa lik'hemik'hale sebakeng sa Precambrian strata, haholo-holo limestone le dolomite ho tloha Schisto-Calcaire Formation le slate, quartzite le ashwag ho tloha Haut Shiloango Formation41. ke Holocene alluvial sedimentary rock and limestone, letlapa le chert e koahetsoeng ka feldspar quartzite ea Precambrian Schisto-Greseux Group.Ngongo Mbata e fumaneha lebanta la majoe le moqotetsane la Schisto-Greseux pakeng tsa Sehlopha sa khale sa Schisto-Calcaire le lejoe le lefubelu le haufi la Cretaceous42. Ho feta moo, mohloli oa Kimberlite o bitsoang Kimpangu o tlalehiloe sebakeng se pharaletseng sa Ngongo Mbata haufi le craton sebakeng sa Lower Congo.
Liphetho tsa likarolo tse ka sehloohong tsa liminerale tse fumanoang ke XRD li bontšoa ho Lethathamo la 1, 'me lipaterone tsa XRD tsa moemeli li bontšoa ho Setšoantšo sa 4.Quartz (SiO2) ke karolo e ka sehloohong ea liminerale, kamehla e amanang le potassium feldspar (KAlSi3O8) le mica. .[Mohlala, KAl2(Si3Al)O12(OH)2], le/kapa talc [Mg3Si4O10(OH)2].The plagioclase minerals [XAl(1–2)Si(3–2)O8, X = Na kapa Ca] (ke hore sodium le/kapa anorthite) le amphibole [(X)(0–3)[(Z )(5– 7)(Si, Al)8O22(O,OH,F)2, X = Ca2+, Na+ , K+, Z = Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Al, Ti] ke mekhahlelo e amanang le kristale, Hangata ho na le mica.Amphibole hangata ha e eo ho talc.
Moemeli oa lipaterone tsa XRD tsa lipitsa tsa letsopa tsa Kongo Kingdom, tse ipapisitseng le mekhahlelo e meholo ea kristale, tse tsamaellanang le lihlopha tsa mofuta: (i) likarolo tse ruileng tsa talc tse kopaneng le lisampole tsa Kindoki Group le Kongo Type C, (ii) talc e ruileng e kopaneng le lisampole tse nang le likarolo tsa Quartz. Sehlopha sa Kindoki le mefuta ea C ea mofuta oa Kongo, (iii) likaroloana tse ruileng tsa feldspar ka mefuta ea Kongo ea mofuta oa A le ea Kongo D, (iv) likarolo tse ngata tsa mica ka mefuta ea Kongo Type A le ea Kongo D, (v) likarolo tse ruileng tsa Amphibole li ile tsa kopana le mehlala. ho tloha Kongo Type A le Kongo Type DQ quartz, Pl plagioclase, kapa potassium feldspar, Am amphibole, Mca mica, Tlc talc, Vrm vermiculite.
Sebopeho se sa khetholleheng sa XRD sa talc Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 le pyrophyllite Al2Si4O10(OH)2 se hloka mokhoa o tlatselletsang ho tsebahatsa boteng ba tsona, ho ba sieo kapa ho khona ho phela hammoho.TGA e entsoe ka disampole tse tharo tsa baemeli (MBK_S.14, KDK_S.13 le KD. 20) .The TG curves (Supplement 3) e ne e lumellana le ho ba teng ha karolo ea talc mineral le ho ba sieo ha pyrophyllite. The dehydroxylation le ho senyeha ha moralo ho hlokometsoe pakeng tsa 850 le 1000 ° C ho lumellana le talc. Ha ho tahlehelo ea boima e ileng ea hlokomeloa pakeng tsa 650 le 850 °C, e leng se bontšang ho se be teng ha pyrophyllite44.
E le karolo e nyane, vermiculite [(Mg, Fe+2, Fe+3)3[(Al, Si)4O10](OH)2 4H2O], e khethiloeng ka tlhahlobo ea likarolo tse sekametseng tsa mehlala ea baemeli, tlhōrō E fumaneha ho 16-7. Å, e fumanweng haholo ho sehlopha sa Kindoki le disampole tsa Mofuta wa Sehlopha sa Kongo.
Mehlala ea mofuta oa Sehlopha sa Kindoki e fumanoeng sebakeng se pharaletseng se pota-potileng Kindoki e bontšitse motsoako oa liminerale o khetholloang ke ho ba teng ha talc, bongata ba quartz le mica, le boteng ba potassium feldspar.
Sebopeho sa liminerale tsa sampuli tsa Kongo Type A se khetholloa ke ho ba teng ha palo e kholo ea li-quartz-mica pairs ka tekanyo e sa tšoaneng le boteng ba potassium feldspar, plagioclase, amphibole, le mica.Bongata ba amphibole le feldspar bo tšoaea sehlopha sa mofuta ona, haholo-holo lisampoleng tsa mofuta oa A Congo Jindoki le Ngongombata.
Mefuta ea Kongo Type C e bonts'a mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea liminerale ka har'a sehlopha sa mofuta, se itšetlehileng haholo ka sebaka sa baepolli ba lintho tsa khale. ho tloha Mbanza Kongo le Kindoki, empa maemong ana disampole tse ling li ruile ka talc le mica.
Mofuta oa Kongo D o na le motsoako o ikhethang oa mineralogical libakeng tsohle tse tharo tsa ho epolloa ha lintho tsa khale.Feldspar, haholo-holo plagioclase, e ngata ka mofuta ona oa letsopa.Amphibole e atisa ho ba teng ka bongata.E emela quartz le mica.Litekanyo tse lekanyelitsoeng li fapana pakeng tsa sampuli.Talc e ile ea fumanoa ka amphibole. -likotoana tse ruileng tsa sehlopha sa mofuta oa Mbanza Kongo.
Liminerale tse ka sehloohong tse halefileng tse khetholloang ka tlhahlobo ea petrographic ke quartz, feldspar, mica le amphibole.Li-rock inclusions li na le likaroloana tsa majoe a mahareng le a phahameng a metamorphic, igneous le sedimentary.Data ea masela e fumanoeng ka ho sebelisa chate ea boitsebiso ea Orton45 e bontša boemo ba naha ho tloha ho mafutsana. ho ea ho e ntle, ka karo-karolelano ea matrix a mmuso ho tloha ho 5% ho ea ho 50%.
Lihlopha tse hlano tsa lithofacies (PGa, PGb, PGc, PGd, le PGE) li khetholloa ho latela liphetoho tsa meralo le tsa mineralogical. Setšoantšo sa 5a);Sehlopha sa PGb: karolo e phahameng ea matrix a halefileng (20% -30%), matrix a halefileng Ho hlopha mollo ho fosahetse, lijo-thollo tse halefileng li na le likhutlo, 'me majoe a metamorphic a mahareng le a boemo bo holimo a na le boleng bo holimo ba silicate, mica le tse kholo. li-inclusions tsa majoe (setšoantšo sa 5b);Sehlopha sa PGc: karolo e batlang e phahame ea matrix a halefileng (20 -40%), e ntle ho ea ho e ntle haholo ea ho halefa, lithollo tse nyenyane ho isa ho tse nyenyane tse pota-potileng, lijo-thollo tse ngata tsa quartz, linako tse ling tsa planar voids (c setšoantšong sa 5);Sehlopha sa PGd: tekanyo e tlaase Tempered matrix (5-20​​%), e nang le lithollo tse nyenyane tse halefileng, li-rock tse kholo tse kenyelletsoeng, ho hlopha hampe, le mokhoa o motle oa matrix (d ho Setšoantšo sa 5);le sehlopha sa PGE: karolo e phahameng ea matrix a halefileng (40-50%), e ntle ho ea ho khetho e ntle haholo ea khalefo, mefuta e 'meli ea lijo-thollo tse halefileng le mefuta e fapaneng ea liminerale mabapi le ho halefisa (setšoantšo sa 5, e) . Setšoantšo sa 5 se bontša moemeli oa optical micrograph ea sehlopha sa petrographics
Li-micrograph tsa optical tse emelang lilae tsa letsopa tsa 'Muso oa Kongo;ngollano lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsa petrographic le typological.(a) Sehlopha sa PGa, (b) sehlopha sa PGB, (c) sehlopha sa PGc, (d) sehlopha sa PGd le (e) sehlopha sa PGE.
Mohlala oa Kindoki Formation o kenyelletsa libopeho tsa majoe tse hlalositsoeng hantle tse amanang le sebopeho sa PGa. Mehlala ea mofuta oa Kongo A e amana haholo le lithofacies tsa PGb, ntle le mohlala oa mofuta oa Kongo A NBC_S.4 Kongo-A ho tloha Ngongo Mbata, e leng e amanang le sehlopha sa PGe ka tatellano.Bongata ba lisampole tsa mofuta oa Kongo C ho tloha Kindoki le Ngongo Mbata, le lisampole tsa mofuta oa Kongo C MBK_S.21 le MBK_S.23 tse tsoang Mbanza Kongo e ne e le tsa sehlopha sa PGc. Leha ho le joalo, mefuta e mengata ea Kongo C. mehlala e bonts'a likarolo tsa lithofacies tse ling.Mehlala ea mofuta oa Kongo ea MBK_S.17 le NBC_S.13 litšoaneleho tsa hona joale tsa texture tse amanang le lihlopha tsa PGe.Mehlala ea mofuta oa Kongo ea MBK_S.3, MBK_S.12 le MBK_S.14 e theha sehlopha se le seng sa lithofacies PGd, ha lisampole tsa mofuta oa Kongo C-KDK_S.19, KDK_S.20 le KDK_S.25 li na le thepa e tšoanang le ea sehlopha sa PGb. Kongo Type C sampole MBK_S.14 e ka nkoa e le ntle ka lebaka la sebopeho sa eona sa porous clast.Hoo e ka bang mehlala eohle e leng ea Mofuta oa Kongo D o amahanngoa le lithofacies tsa PGe, ntle le lisampole tsa mofuta oa Kongo D MBK_S.7 le MBK_S.15 tse tsoang Mbanza Kongo, tse bontšang lijo-thollo tse khōloanyane tse nang le matla a tlaase (30%), haufi le sehlopha sa PGc.
Mehlala e tsoang libakeng tse tharo tsa baepolli ba lintho tsa khale e ile ea hlahlojoa ke VP-SEM-EDS ho bontša kabo ea motheo le ho fumana hore na ho na le karolo e ka sehloohong ea motsoako oa motho ka mong. rutile), titanium iron oxides (ilmenite), zirconium silicates (zircon) le perovskite neosilicates (garnet) .Silika, aluminium, potasiamo, calcium, sodium, titanium, tšepe le magnesium ke lintho tse tloaelehileng ka ho fetisisa tsa lik'hemik'hale ka har'a matrix.The conistently high high. dikahare tsa magnesium ka Kindoki Formation le Kongo A-mofuta oa likotlolo li ka hlalosoa ka ho ba teng ha liminerale tsa letsopa tsa talc kapa tsa magnesium. Ho ea ka tlhahlobo ea motheo, lijo-thollo tsa feldspar li lumellana haholo le potassium feldspar, albite, oligoclase, 'me ka linako tse ling labradorite le anorthite (Supplement). 5, Setšoantšo sa S8-S10), ha lihlahisoa tsa amphibole li le lejoe la tremolite, actinite, tabeng ea mofuta oa Kongo oa mofuta oa mofuta oa NBC_S.3, lejoe le khubelu la lekhasi. Phapang e hlakileng e hlokomeloa ka ho hlophisoa ha amphibole (Feie.6) ho Kongo A-mofuta (tremolite) le li-ceramics tsa mofuta oa Kongo D (actinite) .Ho feta moo, libakeng tse tharo tsa khale tsa khale, lijo-thollo tsa ilmenite li ne li amana haufi-ufi le mehlala ea mofuta oa D. Lintho tse phahameng tsa manganese li fumanoa lijong tsa ilmenite. Leha ho le joalo. , sena ha sea ka sa fetola mokhoa oa bona o tloaelehileng oa ho fetola tšepe-titanium (Fe-Ti) (bona Supplementary 5, Fig. S11).
Lintlha tsa VP-SEM-EDS. Setšoantšo sa ternary se bontšang sebopeho se fapaneng sa amphibole pakeng tsa litanka tsa Kongo Type A le Kongo D ka lisampole tse khethiloeng ho tloha Mbanza Kongo (MBK), Kindoki (KDK), le Ngongo Mbata (NBC);matšoao a khoute ka lihlopha tsa mefuta.
Ho ea ka liphetho tsa XRD, quartz le potassium feldspar ke liminerale tse ka sehloohong tsa lisampole tsa mofuta oa Kongo C, ha ho ba teng ha quartz, potassium feldspar, albite, anorthite le tremolite ke tšobotsi ea lisampole tsa mofuta oa Kongo A. Mefuta ea mofuta oa Kongo D e bontša hore quartz , potassium feldspar, albite, oligofeldspar, ilmenite le actinite ke likarolo tse ka sehloohong tsa liminerale.Mofuta oa Kongo A sampole NBC_S.3 e ka nkoa e le ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa hobane plagioclase ea eona ke labradorite, amphibole ke orthopamphibole, 'me boteng ba ilmenite bo tlalehiloe.Kongo C- mohlala oa mofuta oa NBC_S.14 o boetse o na le lithollo tsa ilmenite (Supplementary 5, Figures S12–S15).
Tlhahlobo ea XRF e entsoe ka lisampole tse emelang ho tsoa libakeng tse tharo tsa baepolli ba lintho tsa khale ho fumana hore na lihlopha tse kholo tsa lintho tse entsoeng li entsoe ka lihlopha tse kholo. khatello ea magnesium e bakoa ke ho ba teng ha talc, e amanang ka tsela e fapaneng le li-oxide tsa silicon le aluminium oxide.
Mehlala ea Sehlopha sa Kindoki e fumanoeng sebakeng sa Kindoki e bontšitse ho rua ho hoholo ha magnesia (8-10%) ka lebaka la ho ba teng ha maemo a talc.Potassium oxide sehlopheng sa mofuta ona ho tloha ho 1.5 ho ea ho 2.5%, le sodium (<0.2%) le calcium oxide. (<0.4%) likhakanyo li ne li le tlase.
Likarolo tse phahameng tsa li-oxide tsa tšepe (7.5-9%) ke karolo e tloaelehileng ea lipitsa tsa mofuta oa Kongo A. Mefuta ea Kongo ea mofuta oa A e tsoang Mbanza Kongo le Kindoki e bontšitse likhahla tse phahameng tsa potassium (3.5-4.5%). Lintho tse phahameng tsa magnesium oxide (3) -5%) e khetholla sampole ea Ngongo Mbata ho lisampole tse ling tsa sehlopha sa mofuta o tšoanang.Mofuta oa Kongo oa A sampole NBC_S.4 e bonts'a likhahla tse phahameng haholo tsa li-oxide tsa tšepe, tse amanang le boteng ba mekhahlelo ea liminerale ea amphibole.Mofuta oa Kongo A sampole NBC_S. 3 e bonts'itse khatello e phahameng ea manganese (1.25%).
Silika (60-70%) e laola ho hlophisoa ha sampuli ea mofuta oa Kongo C, e leng tlhaho ea lihlahisoa tsa quartz tse khethiloeng ke XRD le petrography.Likahare tse tlaase tsa sodium (<0.5%) le calcium (0.2-0.6%) li ile tsa hlokomeloa. Maemo a phahameng a magnesium oxide (13.9 le 20.7%, ka ho latellana) le oxide e tlase ea tšepe ka lisampole tsa MBK_S.14 le KDK_S.20 li lumellana le liminerale tse ngata tsa talc. le sodium e phahameng, magnesium, calcium le Iron oxide content.Maemo a phahameng a titanium dioxide (1.5%) a khetholla mofuta oa Kongo C sampole MBK_S.9.
Phapang ea sebopeho sa mantlha e bonts'a lisampole tsa mofuta oa Kongo D, tse bonts'ang likahare tse tlase tsa silica le maemo a phahameng haholo a sodium (1-5%), calcium (1-5%), le potassium oxide ho tloha ho 44% ho isa ho 63% (1- 5%) ka lebaka la boteng ba feldspar.Ho feta moo, lihlahisoa tse phahameng tsa titanium dioxide (1-3.5%) li ile tsa hlokomeloa sehlopheng sa mofuta ona.The high iron oxide content ea Kongo D-mofuta sampuli MBK_S.15, MBK_S.19 le NBC_S .23 e amahanngoa le lintho tse phahameng tsa magnesium oxide, tse lumellanang le puso ea amphibole.Maemo a phahameng a manganese oxide a ile a fumanoa mefuteng eohle ea mofuta oa Kongo D.
Lintlha tse ka sehloohong tsa lintlha li bontšitse kamano pakeng tsa k'halsiamo le li-oxide tsa tšepe ka har'a litanka tsa mofuta oa Kongo A le D, tse neng li amahanngoa le ho matlafatsa sodium oxide. e ruileng zirconium e nang le kamano e itekanetseng le strontium. Thepa ea Rb-Sr (setšoan. 7) e bontša kamano pakeng tsa litanka tsa mofuta oa strontium le Kongo D, le pakeng tsa litanka tsa mofuta oa rubidium le Kongo A. Ka bobeli Kindoki Group le Kongo Type C ceramics li feletsoe ke likarolo tseo ka bobeli.(Sheba le Tlatsetso 6, Lipalo S16-S19).
XRF data.Scatter plot Rb-Sr, sampuli tse khethiloeng ho tloha Congo Kingdom pits, color-coded by type group.Grafu e bontša kamano pakeng tsa tanka ea mofuta oa Kongo D le strontium le pakeng tsa tanka ea mofuta oa Kongo A le rubidium.
Mohlala oa moemeli oa Mbanza Kongo o ile oa hlahlobjoa ke ICP-MS ho fumana hore na trace element le trace element, le ho ithuta ho ajoa ha mekhoa ea REE pakeng tsa lihlopha tsa mofuta. A disampole le lisampole tsa Mofuta oa Kongo D MBK_S.7, MBK_S.16, le MBK_S.25 li ruile ka bathorium. Makotikoti a mofuta oa Kongo A a hlahisa zinki e batlang e le holimo 'me a rubidium ka rubidium, ha makotikoti a mofuta oa Kongo D a bonts'a lintho tse ngata. ea strontium, e tiisang liphetho tsa XRF (Supplementary 7, Figures S21-S23) .Leqheka la La/Yb-Sm/Yb le bontša ho lumellana 'me le bontša lintho tse ngata tsa lanthanum ka sampuli ea Kongo D-tank (Setšoantšo sa 8).
Lintlha tsa ICP-MS.Scatter plot of La/Yb-Sm/Yb, khethiloeng disampole ho tloha Congo Kingdom basin, mebala-coded ho ea ka mofuta sehlopha.Kongo Type C sampole MBK_S.14 ha e tšoantšitsoe setšoantšong.
Li-REE tse tloaelehileng ke NASC47 li hlahisoa ka mokhoa oa li-spider plots (Fig. 9) . Liphetho li bontšitse ho ntlafatsa likarolo tsa lefats'e tse sa tloaelehang (LREEs), haholo-holo lisampong tse tsoang litanka tsa mofuta oa Kongo A le D. Kongo Type C. e bontšitse phapang e phahameng.The positive europium anomaly ke tšobotsi ea mofuta oa Kongo D, 'me cerium anomaly e phahameng ke tšobotsi ea mofuta oa Kongo A.
Thutong ena, re hlahlobile sehlopha sa li-ceramics tse tsoang libakeng tse tharo tsa Afrika Bohareng tsa baepolli ba lintho tsa khale tse amanang le 'Muso oa Congo oa lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa typological, e leng lihlopha tsa Jindoki le Congo. sebakeng sa baepolli ba lintho tsa khale sa Jinduomu.Sehlopha sa Kongo—mefuta ea A, C, le D—se teng libakeng tse tharo tsa baepolli ba lintho tsa khale ka nako e le ’ngoe.Histori ea Sehlopha sa King Kong e ka saloa morao ho tloha nakong ea borena.E emela mehla ea ho hokahana le Europe le ho fapanyetsana. thepa ka hare le ka ntle ho 'Muso oa Congo, joalo ka ha ho bile joalo ka lilemo tse makholo.Melao ea menoana ea ho qaptjoa le ea majoe a majoe a ile a fumanoa ho sebelisoa mokhoa oa ho etsa lipatlisiso tse ngata.Le ke lekhetlo la pele Afrika Bohareng e sebelisa tumellano e joalo.
Sehlopha sa Kindoki se sa fetoheng sa ho hlopha le sebopeho sa mafika likhatiso tsa menoana li supa lihlahisoa tse ikhethang tsa Kindoki.Sehlopha sa Kindoki se kanna sa amana le nako eo Nsondi e neng e le profinse e ikemetseng ea Seven Congo dia Nlaza28,29. Ho ba teng ha talc le vermiculite (sehlahisoa sa mocheso o tlase). of talc weathering) Sehlopheng sa Jinduoji se fana ka maikutlo a tšebeliso ea lisebelisoa tse tala tsa sebakeng seo, kaha talc e teng ka har'a matrix a geological ea sebaka sa Jinduoji, ho Schisto-Calcaire Formation 39,40.Litšobotsi tsa lesela tsa mofuta ona oa pitsa tse hlokometsoeng ke tlhahlobo ea sebopeho li supa ts'ebetso e sa tsoetseng pele ea thepa e tala.
Lipitsa tsa mofuta oa Kongo A li ne li bontša phapang e itseng ea metsoako ea intra- le inter-site.Mbanza Kongo le Kindoki li na le potasiamo e ngata le calcium oxides, ha Ngongo Mbata e na le magnesium e ngata. Leha ho le joalo, likarolo tse ling tse tloaelehileng li li khetholla ho lihlopha tse ling tsa typological. e tsitsitseng haholoanyane lesela, e tšoauoa ka mica paste.Ho fapana le mofuta oa Kongo C, li bonts'a lintho tse batlang li phahame tsa feldspar, amphibole le iron oxide. Lintho tse phahameng tsa mica le ho ba teng ha tremolite amphibole li li khetholla ho tloha sebakeng sa Kongo D-mofuta. , moo actinolite amphibole e khetholloang teng.
Kongo Type C e boetse e fana ka liphetoho ho mineralogy le lik'hemik'hale tsa lik'hemik'hale le litšobotsi tsa lesela la libaka tse tharo tsa khale tsa khale le pakeng tsa tsona.Ho fapana hona ho bakoa ke ho sebelisoa ha mehloli leha e le efe e fumanehang ea lihlahisoa tse tala haufi le sebaka se seng le se seng sa tlhahiso / tšebeliso. Leha ho le joalo, ho tšoana ha setaele ho ile ha finyelloa. ho phaella ho li-tweaks tsa tekheniki ea lehae.
Kongo D-mofuta o amana haufi-ufi le mahlaseli a phahameng a titanium oxides, a hlahisoang ke ho ba teng ha liminerale tsa ilmenite (Supplementary 6, Fig. S20) . Likahare tse phahameng tsa manganese tsa lijo-thollo tsa ilmenite tse hlahlobiloeng li li amahanya le manganese ilmenite (Feie. 10), moetso o ikhethang o lumellanang le libopeho tsa kimberlite48,49. Ho ba teng ha mafika a Cretaceous continental sedimentary-mohloli oa li-diamane tsa bobeli ka mor'a khoholeho ea li-tubes tsa pre-Cretaceous kimberlite42-le tšimo e tlalehiloeng ea Kimberlite ea Kimberlite e Lower Congo43 e fana ka maikutlo a hore sebaka se pharaletseng sa Ngongo Mbata e ka 'na ea e-ba Congo (DRC) Mohloli oa lisebelisoa tse tala bakeng sa tlhahiso ea lipitsa tsa mofuta oa D. Sena se tšehetsoa ka ho eketsehileng ke ho fumanoa ha ilmenite ho mofuta o le mong oa mofuta oa Kongo A le mofuta o le mong oa mofuta oa C oa Kongo sebakeng sa Ngongo Mbata.
VP-SEM-EDS data.MgO-MnO scatter plot, select samples from Mbanza Kongo (MBK), Kindoki (KDK) and Ngongo Mbata (NBC) with known ilmenite grains, e leng manganese-titanium ferromanganese e thehiloeng lipatlisisong tsa Kaminsky le Belousova Merafo (Mn-ilmenites).
Positive Europium anomalies e hlokometsoeng ka mokhoa oa REE oa tanka ea mofuta oa Kongo D (bona setšoantšo sa 9), haholo-holo ka lisampole tse nang le lithollo tsa ilmenite tse khethiloeng (mohlala, MBK_S.4, MBK_S.5, le MBK_S.24) , mohlomong tse amanang le ultrabasic igneous mafika a ruileng ka anorthite le ho boloka Eu2 +. Kabo ena ea REE e ka boela ea hlalosa mahloriso a phahameng a strontium a fumanoang mefuteng ea mofuta oa Kongo D (bona setšoantšo sa 6) hobane strontium e nka sebaka sa calcium50 ho Ca mineral lattice. The high lanthanum content (Fig. 8) ) le ntlafatso e akaretsang ea LREEs (setšoantšo sa 9) se ka amahanngoa le mafika a ultrabasic e le libopeho tsa geological tse kang kimberlite51.
Litšobotsi tse khethehileng tsa ho hlophisoa ha lipitsa tse nang le sebopeho sa Kongo D li li amahanya le mohloli o itseng oa lihlahisoa tsa tlhaho tse tala, hammoho le ho tšoana ha lihlopha tsa mefuta-futa tsa mofuta ona, tse bontšang setsi se ikhethang sa tlhahiso ea lipitsa tsa Kongo D. ho khetheha ha sebopeho, kabo ea boholo ba likaroloana tse halefileng tsa mofuta oa Kongo D li hlahisa lingoloa tse thata haholo tsa ceramic mme li bonts'a ts'ebetso ea thepa e tala ka boomo le tsebo e tsoetseng pele ea botekgeniki tlhahisong ea pottery52.Tlhahiso ena e ikhethile ebile e ts'ehetsa ho feta tlhaloso ea mofuta ona e le sehlahisoa se lebisitseng sehlopha se itseng sa batho ba phahameng sechabeng35.Mabapi le tlhahiso ena, Clist et al29 ba fana ka maikutlo a hore e ka 'na eaba e bile phello ea tšebelisano pakeng tsa baetsi ba lithaele ba Mapotoketsi le libōpi tsa letsopa tsa Congo, kaha tsebo e joalo e ne e e-s'o ka e kopana nakong ea 'muso le pele.
Ho ba sieo ha mekhahlelo e sa tsoa thehoa ea liminerale ka lisampole tsa mefuta eohle ea lihlopha ho fana ka maikutlo a ho sebelisoa ha mocheso o tlase oa mocheso (<950 ° C), e leng hape e lumellanang le lithuto tsa ethnoarchaeological tse entsoeng sebakeng sena53,54. Ho phaella moo, ho ba sieo ha hematite le 'mala o lefifi oa likotoana tse ling tsa letsopa li bakoa ke ho fokotsa ho thunya kapa ka mor'a ho thunngoa4,55. Liphuputso tsa Ethnographic sebakeng sena li bontšitse thepa ea ho sebetsa ka mor'a mollo nakong ea tlhahiso ea lipitsa tsa letsopa55.Mebala e lefifi, haholo-holo e fumanoang lipitsa tsa Kongo D-shaped, e ka ba tse amanang le basebedisi ba shebilweng e le karolo ya mokgabiso wa bona o ruileng.Data ya Ethnographic maemong a pharaletseng a Afrika e tshehetsa taba ena, kaha dinkgo tse ntsho hangata di nkwa di na le meelelo e itseng ya tshwantshetso.
Khalsiamo e fokolang lisampoleng, ho ba sieo ha carbonates le/kapa mekhahlelo ea tsona e sa tsoa thehoa ea liminerale e bakoa ke ho se be calcareous ha lirafshoa57. Potso ena e khahla haholo lisampole tse nang le talc (haholo-holo Kindoki Group le Likotlolo tsa Kongo Type C) hobane ka bobeli carbonate le talc li teng ho carbonate-argillaceous assemblage-Neoproterozoic Schisto-Calcaire Group42,43 Mutually.Ho fumana ka boomo mefuta e itseng ea thepa e tala ho tsoa sebopehong se tšoanang sa jeoloji ho bontša tsebo e tsoetseng pele ea tekheniki e amanang le boits'oaro bo sa lokang ba letsopa la calcareous ha le chesoa ka mocheso o tlase.
Ho phaella ho mefuta e fapaneng ea sebopeho sa ka hare le lipakeng tsa masimo le sebopeho sa majoe a letsopa la Kongo C, tlhokahalo e phahameng ea lisebelisoa tsa ho pheha e re lumelletse ho beha tlhahiso ea lipitsa tsa letsopa tsa Kongo C boemong ba sechaba. Mehlala ea mofuta oa C e fana ka maikutlo a tekanyo ea ho lumellana ha tlhahiso ea lipitsa tsa letsopa 'musong.E bontša khetho e hlokolosi ea lisebelisoa tse tala le tsebo e tsoetseng pele ea theknoloji e amanang le ts'ebetso e nepahetseng le e loketseng ea Quartz Temper Cooking Pot58. Quartz tempering le lisebelisoa tse se nang calcium li bontša. hore khetho ea thepa e tala le ts'ebetso e boetse e itšetlehile ka litlhoko tsa ts'ebetso ea tekheniki.